To fill the gap in long-range firepower, Egypt was forced to look to its North Korean partner to buy Hwasong-5, Hwasong-6 and Rodong-1 ballistic missiles. In terms of long-range air-to-air capabilities, it was not until 2013 that Egypt’s armed forces made a drastic transformation after decades of dependence on US weapons. They turned to closer defense cooperation with Russia and Europe.